![]() ![]() ![]() 9 UTIs in children could have serious sequelae of renal scarring and end-stage renal failure. 7,8 Children present with atypical symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, fever and irritability, and often without urinary tract symptoms. Patients with cystitis typically present with dysuria, frequency, urgency, haematuria and/or suprapubic pain pyelonephritis classically manifests with flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, fever, nausea and vomiting in addition to urinary symptoms. Uncomplicated UTIs can be further sub-classified into cystitis (lower urinary tract) and pyelonephritis (upper urinary tract). UTIs are categorised as either uncomplicated or complicated. 7 Further migration of uropathogens from the bladder via the ureters into the kidneys results in pyelonephritis. They frequently arise from peri-urethral contamination by uropathogens found in faecal flora which then ascend into the bladder via the urethra. ( Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella sp.), group B streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Citrobacter sp. 6 Other causative uropathogens include Enterobacteriaceae sp. UTIs are broadly defined as infection of the urethra, bladder, ureters or kidneys by non-commensal micro-organisms, most commonly Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterococcus faecalis. 5 Two decades on, it can only be assumed that with the rising prevalence of UTIs combined with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms, the health and economic burden of the disease is likely to have increased. 5 cost estimates of treating UTIs in the National Health Service were £124 million. 2 UTI symptoms accounted for 1-3% of all primary care consultations 3 and it was the main indication for 13.7% of community antibiotic prescriptions. 1 UTIs are also a significant cause of mortality especially among the elderly population with 4835 deaths in England and Wales reported in 2012. 1 The global burden of this disease is rising, with 16.1% increase in age-standardised incidence between 19 and 58,000 years lost to disability (YLD) in 2003 alone. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common types of infections, with an estimated 92 million people affected worldwide in 2013. In diagnosing patients with suspected urinary tract infections, what is the accuracy and utility of point-of-care tests compared to the current standard of urine microscopy, culture and antibiotic sensitivity analysis?īackground, Current Practice and Advantages over Existing Technology: ![]()
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